• The Storage Spaces item in Control Panel Available in Windows 8.1 and Windows 8, you can use the Storage Spaces item in Control Panel to easily create and maintain storage spaces and their associated storage pools. The Storage Spaces item in Control Panel provides simple but powerful control over tasks a user might want to perform.
• The File and Storage Services section of Server Manager Available in Windows Server, you can use Server Manager to create and manage storage spaces (also referred to as virtual disks) and their associated storage pools on the Storage Spaces subsystem as well as on non-Microsoft storage subsystems. Server Manager provides support for performing all of the tasks administrators commonly perform with Storage Spaces.
• The Storage module in Windows PowerShell Available in Windows and Windows Server, you can use the cmdlets included in the Storage module to create and manage storage spaces (also referred to as virtual disks) and their associated storage pools on the Storage Spaces subsystem as well as on non-Microsoft storage subsystems. Windows PowerShell provides comprehensive support for managing Storage Spaces.

In Windows Server 2012, the following are the recommended configuration limits:

Storage Spaces offers simple spaces, mirror spaces, and parity spaces, each with unique characteristics.

• Simple spaces are designed for increased performance when resiliency isn't very important. They are best suited for temporary data, such as video rendering files, image editor scratch files, and intermediary compiler object files.
• Mirror spaces are designed for increased performance and increased resiliency. Two-way mirror spaces can tolerate one disk failure and three-way mirror spaces can tolerate two disk failures. They are well suited to storing a broad range of data, from a general-purpose file share to a VHD library. When a mirror space is formatted with the Resilient File System (ReFS), Windows offers automatic data integrity maintenance. This is a layer of resiliency is above and beyond the resiliency achieved from maintaining multiple data copies to tolerate drive failure.
• Parity spaces are designed for capacity efficiency and increased resiliency. Parity spaces are best suited for archival data and streaming media, such as music and videos.

Note
Storage Spaces cannot be used to host the Windows operating system. Storage Spaces is not a disaster recovery or data replication solution, nor is it a substitute for regular backups.

You can use commodity drives attached via Serial-Attached SCSI (SAS), Serial ATA (SATA), or USB. Storage layers that abstract the physical disks are not compatible with Storage Spaces. This includes VHDs and pass-through disks in a virtual machine, and storage subsystems that layer a RAID implementation on top of the physical disks. iSCSI and Fibre Channel controllers are not supported by Storage Spaces.

RAID adapters, if used, must be in non-RAID mode with all RAID functionality disabled. Such adapters must not abstract the physical disks, cache data, or obscure any attached devices including enclosure services provided by attached just-a-bunch-of-disks (JBOD) devices. Storage Spaces is compatible only with RAID adapters that support completely disabling all RAID functionality.

Note

Consumers can use USB drives with Storage Spaces, though USB 2 drives might not offer a high level of performance. A single USB 2 hard drive can saturate the bandwidth available on the shared USB bus, limiting performance when multiple drives are attached to the same USB 2 controller. When using USB 2 drives, plug them directly into different USB controllers on your computer, do not use USB hubs, and add USB 2 drives to a separate storage pool used only for storage spaces that do not require a high level of performance.

Storage arrays that provide direct connectivity to the physical disks they house and do not layer RAID implementations or abstract the disks in any way are compatible with Storage Spaces. Such arrays are also known as Just a Bunch of Disks (JBOD).

For Storage Spaces to identify disks by slot and leverage the array’s failure and identify/locate lights, the array must support SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) version 3.

To support deployments that require an added level of fault tolerance, Storage Spaces supports associating each copy of data with a particular JBOD enclosure. This capability is known as enclosure awareness. With enclosure awareness, if one enclosure fails or goes offline, the data remains available in one or more alternate enclosures. 

To use enclosure awareness with Storage Spaces, your environment must meet the following requirements:

• JBOD storage enclosures must support SCSI Enclosure Services (SES).
• Storage spaces must use the mirror resiliency type
  • For two-way mirrors, you need three compatible storage enclosures.
  • For three-way mirrors, you need five compatible storage enclosures.

• All storage spaces in the storage pool must use fixed provisioning.
• Two-way mirror spaces must use three or more physical disks.
• Three-way mirror spaces must use five or more physical disks.
• Parity spaces are supported on Windows Server 2012 R2, but not Windows Server 2012.
• All physical disks in a clustered pool must be connected via SAS.
• All physical disks must support persistent reservations and pass the failover cluster validation tests.

Upon creating a storage space, certain fundamental properties are locked in place. These fundamental properties include the provisioning type (thin or fixed), the resiliency type (simple, mirror, or parity), the number of columns the storage space striping requires, and the striping interleave.

After creating a storage space, you can change properties that do not affect fundamental characteristics, such as the size of the storage space and its name.

• The taskbar
• The Action Center
• The Storage Spaces Item in Control Panel (on Windows 8.1 and Windows 8)
• The Storage Pools section of the File and Storage Services role in Server Manager (on Windows Server)
• The Windows PowerShell cmdlet Get-PhysicalDisk

If you are using the Storage Spaces item in Control Panel, replacing a physical disk is as simple as clicking the command to remove the old disk. After that, you can immediately disconnect the disk. In the background, Storage Spaces leverages resiliency to reconstruct your data. Disk removal has three prerequisites:

• All storage spaces that depend on the disk are resilient and healthy (removing the disk will not succeed if a simple space depends on the disk).
  You can discover which storage spaces depend on a physical disk by piping the Get-PhysicalDisk cmdlet to Get-VirtualDisk. For example:
  

  Get-PhysicalDisk -FriendlyName PhysicalDisk1 | Get-VirtualDisk

  You can check the resiliency and health of your storage spaces by using the Get-VirtualDisk cmdlet. A storage space is resilient when ResiliencySettingName is either Mirror or Parity and healthy when HealthStatus is Healthy.
• The pool has at least as much unused capacity on other disks as the amount of data the old disk hosts.
  This ensures that the storage spaces can be reconstructed with a replacement disk. If the usage type of the disk is manual, then the storage spaces that depend on the disk must have sufficient unused capacity on other disks in their list of disks they can use. In both cases, the unused capacity must be on disks that do not already host an extent of the same stripe as the old disk. This can be satisfied by first adding the new disk to the pool, and, if applicable, adding it to the storage spaces’ lists of disks that they can use.
  

  Tip
  You can check for unused capacity on disks the affected storage spaces are not using by subtracting AllocatedSize from Size, as reported by the Get-PhysicalDisk command.

• If the pool is clustered, removing the disk would not cause the pool to have fewer than three disks, if the pool does not contain any three-way mirror spaces, or fewer than five disks, if the pool contains a three-way mirror space.

If you are using Windows PowerShell, you must perform following procedure to remove the old disk, assuming that you meet the prerequisites for removing a physical disk.

Besides offering resiliency to drive failures, Storage Spaces also offers increased performance by striping data across multiple disks. Storage Spaces describes a stripe via two parameters, NumberOfColumns and Interleave.

• A stripe represents one pass of data written to a storage space, with data written in multiple stripes (passes).
• Columns correlate to underlying physical disks across which one stripe of data for a storage space is written.
• Interleave represents the amount of data written to a single column per stripe.

The NumberOfColumns and Interleave parameters, which are accessible via Windows PowerShell or WMI, determine the width of the stripe (stripe_width = NumberOfColumns * Interleave). The stripe width determines how much data and parity (in the case of parity spaces) Storage Spaces writes across multiple disks to increase performance available to apps.

Storage Spaces provides advance notification of thinly provisioned storage spaces when the storage pool does not have enough capacity spread among a sufficient number of disks to continue to write new data. The default warning point is 70% capacity utilization. To learn when Storage Spaces will generate a warning, consider the following example.

Storage Spaces can usually use the additional capacity from even a single additional drive. However, for optimal capacity utilization, consider the number of columns your storage spaces have and add disks in multiples of that number.

For example, consider a pool which has a four-column simple space, a one-column, two-way mirror space, and an eight-column parity space. The four-column simple space suggests you expand pool capacity in sets of four disks. The one-column, two-way mirror space suggests you expand pool capacity in sets of two disks (for mirror spaces, you have to multiple the number of columns by the number of copies). The eight-column parity space suggests you expand pool capacity in sets of eight disks. In this example, you would want to expand pool capacity in sets of eight disks as eight is a common multiple of the number of columns of each of the storage spaces in the pool.

Storage Spaces records information about pools and storage spaces on the physical disks that compose the storage pool. Therefore, your pool and storage spaces are preserved when you move an entire storage pool and its physical disks from one computer to another.

Windows Server 2012 starts storage that could potentially be shared with a cluster in a safe state. For Storage Spaces, that means the first time Windows connects to a storage pool, the pool starts as read-only and the storage spaces will start in a detached state. To access your data, you must set the storage pool to read-write and then attach the storage spaces.

These steps do not apply to Windows 8 – storage pools start as read-write and storage spaces start as attached.

Simple and mirror spaces and the data they contain automatically migrate from the Windows 8 Consumer Preview to the Windows 8. However, for parity spaces you must backup your data and delete the parity spaces. At this point, you may upgrade or perform a clean install of Windows 8. After the upgrade or clean installation is complete, you may recreate parity spaces and restore your data.

The health of each storage space is available only from the cluster node that has the cluster resource for the storage space in the online state. Use Failover Cluster Management to discover which node has the cluster resource for a storage space in the online state. Then use the Storage Pools section of the File and Storage Services role in Server Manager to view the health of the appropriate storage space.

You can also use the Get-VirtualDisk cmdlet on the node that has the cluster resource online to retrieve the storage space’s properties. The resiliency health of the storage space is noted in the storage space’s properties. To view the health status of a storage pool, use the Get-StoragePool cmdlet on the cluster node that has the cluster resource for the pool in the online state.

For the repair operation to complete successfully, the pool must have at least as much unused capacity as data to be repaired. If the storage space has a list of disks to use, then the unused capacity must reside on those disks. Unused capacity must reside on disks which do not already host an extent of the stripe to be repaired. Because repair happens over time, this requirement must be continuously fulfilled for a successful repair completion.

For a quick check on whether repair is successfully progressing, use the Get-VirtualDisk cmdlet to look at the storage space’s OperationalStatus. While repair is successfully progressing, OperationalStatus will be In Service. When repair successfully completes, OperationalStatus is OK. If repair is unable to continue, OperationalStatus returns to Degraded.

What happens if I run out of physical capacity on a thinly provisioned storage space?

Since the storage space is thinly provisioned, allocation of new capacity occurs as needed.  Once capacity is exhausted, there is no room to properly manage files on the storage space and there is a risk of data loss due to file corruption.  To protect against that, Windows takes the storage space offline – removing the storage space from the view of anything that was writing and thereby keeping your files safe.  Once the pool has more drives, you can bring the storage space back online and continue running.

When additional drives are not immediately available, you can try to just bring the storage space back online and get to your files until additional drives are available.  However, sometimes applications, or the file system itself, may continue writing once the storage space is online.  If that happens, then Windows’ safety measures will again protect your files by taking the storage space offline.

If additional drives are not immediately available and the storage space cannot remain online, then can still get to your files by using PowerShell to temporarily make your storage space read-only.

Get-VirtualDisk –Friendlyname name_of_your_space | Get-Disk | Set-Disk –IsReadOnly $true

Get-VirtualDisk –Friendlyname name_of_your_space | Get-Disk | Set-Disk –IsOffline $false

If you do that, then you will want to switch your storage space back to read-write once your storage pool has additional drives.  You can use PowerShell to do that as well.

Get-VirtualDisk –Friendlyname name_of_your_space | Get-Disk | Set-Disk –IsOffline $true

Get-VirtualDisk –Friendlyname name_of_your_space | Get-Disk | Set-Disk –IsReadOnly $false

Get-VirtualDisk –Friendlyname name_of_your_space | Get-Disk | Set-Disk –IsOffline $false

Finally, if you do not add more drives to the storage pool (the control panel will tell you the minimum number of drives to add), then Windows will protect the files which are already on the storage space by taking the storage space offline.  Adding new drives to the storage pool provides the additional capacity the storage space needs.  You will be able to bring your storage space back online and continue to copy new files into it.