Al igual que en Windows Server 2008 R2, la opcion de instalacion de "Server Core" esta disponible en Windows Server 2012. Cuando llevas a cabo este tipo de instalacion, estas optando por instalar Windows Server 2012 sin su interfase grafica. En esta configuracion, las funcionalidades del "Microsoft Management Console y el "Desktop Experience" no estaran disponibles. Puedes manejar una instalacion de "Server Core" localmente utilizando la linea de comando o Windows PowerShell, y de manera remota utilizando una instalacion tipo "Server with a GUI" o desde una PC Windows 8 con los "Remote Server Administration Tools" (RSAT).
La opcion de instalacion "Server Core" es la opcion por defecto en Windows Server 2012. Ya que esta opcion de instalacion no utiliza la interfase grafica, es el metodo de instalacion recomendado para minimizar los requerimientos de actualizaciones de servidor, reducir el espacio en disco duro ocupado por el sistema operativo, y reducir la posibilidad de ataques al servidor. Puedes aun configurar roles de servidor en este tipo de instalacion. Sin embargo, ninguna de sus consolas de manejo graficas seran instaladas durante el proceso de configuracion. debido a esto, la opcion de intalacion "Server Core" requiere aproximadamente 4 GB menos de espacio en disco comparado con la opcion de instalacion "Server with a GUI".
Puedes utilizar los siguientes pasos para llevar a cabo la instalacion tipo "Server Core" de Windows Server 2012 por medio de la interfase grafica del "Windows Setup":
Figura #1: Pantalla de "Windows Setup" en Windows Server 2012
Figura #2: Pantalla de Instalacion en Windows Server 2012
Figura #3: Pantalla de configuracion de Windows Server 2012 luego de seleccionar el boton de "Install now".
Figura #4: Pantalla de "Windows Setup" para la entrada de llave de activacion.
Figura #5: Pantalla de "Windows Setup" para la seleccion de version de sistema operativo.
Figura #6: Pantalla de "License Terms" durante instalacion de Windows Server 2012
Figura #7: Pantalla de seleccion de tipo de instalacion
Figura #8: Pantalla de seleccion de disco y particion de instalacion
Figura #9: Instalacion de Windows Server 2012
Figura #10: Pantalla para cambiar la contrasena de Administrador de Windows 2012
Figura #11: Pantalla de reconocimiento de contrasena de Windows Server 2012
Figura #12: Pantalla de linea de comando en la instalacion "Server Core" de Windows Server 2012
Una vez Windows Server 2012 este instalado, puedes configurar la red, firewall, dominio, actualizaciones, y otras configuraciones estandar, asi como anadir roles y funcionalidades para proveer servicios. Con la instalacion "Server Core", puedes instalar roles localmente por medio de Windows Powershell.
Puedes utilizar los siguientes pasos para descubrir roles y funcionalidades de servidor, asi como instalarlos, por medio de Windows Powershell.
Figura #13: Linea de commandos en Windows Server 2012 – Iniciando PowerShell
Figura #14: Windows Server 2012 – Cmdlet de Powershell Get-WindowsFeature
Figura #15: Windows Server 2012 – Cmdlet de Powershell Install-WindowsFeature
Figura #16: Windows Server 2012 - Instalacion de rol con Windows Powershell
Figura #17: Estatus dela Instalacion de un rol de Windows Server en Windows PowerShell
Es posible instalar multiples roles y funcionalidades simultaneamente separando los nombres de cada uno con comas. Si deseas remover un rol o funcionalidad, puedes hacerlo con el cmdlet de PowerShell Uninstall-WindowsFeature seguido por el nombre del rol o funcionalidad. Si remueves un rol o funcionalidad, los archivos de instalacion permaneceran en el disco de manera que puedan ser reinstalados facilmente sin la necesidad de los archivos originales de instalacion.
El proceso de instalacion del "Server with a GUI" es identico al del "Server Core", con excepcion de que escogeras la opcion de "Server with a GUI" durante la instalacion (Figura #18).
Figura #18: Seleccion de Instalacion tipo "Server with a GUI" en Windows Server 2012
Una vez la instalacion tipo "Server with a GUI" haya completado, podras configurar tu servidor e instalar roles y funcionalidades usando la consola de "Server Manager" segun se muestra en la Figura #19, o utilizando Windows PowerShell si asi lo prefieres.
Figure 19: Instalando roles utilizando la consola de "Server Manager" en Windows Server 2012
En Windows Server 2012, tienes la opcion de cambiar de tipo de instalacion "Server Core" a "Server with a GUI" y viceversa, segun sea necesario para cada servidor en particular.
The procedure to convert a Server Core to a Server with a GUI installation is simple using Windows PowerShell. However, it is a requirement that you issue the PowerShell cmdlets using elevated (Administrator) privileges.
You can use the steps in the following procedure to convert a Server Core installation to a Server with a GUI installation using Windows PowerShell:
Figure 20: Windows Server 2012 – Get-WindowsImage PowerShell Cmdlet
Install-WindowsFeature Server-Gui-Mgmt-Infra,Server-Gui-Shell –Restart –Source wim:<path to wim>\install.wim:<Index#>
Figure 21: Windows Server 2012 – Install-WindowsFeature PowerShell Cmdlet
Figure 22: Windows Server 2012 Features Configuration
Conversely, you can convert from a Server with a GUI installation to a Server Core installation (a restart is also required) using the Windows PowerShell cmdlet Uninstall-WindowsFeature Server-Gui-Mgmt-Infra –restart, as shown in Figure 23.
Uninstall-WindowsFeature Server-Gui-Mgmt-Infra –restart
, as shown in Figure 23.
Figure 23: Windows Server 2012 Uninstall-WindowsFeature PowerShell Cmdlet
Uninstall-WindowsFeature
PowerShell Cmdlet
Another Windows Server 2012 configuration option, Minimal Server Interface, allows you to remove some of the graphical components installed with a Server with a GUI installation. The components that are removed include:
The Microsoft Management Console, Server Manager, and some Control Panel applets remain on the server.
Both the Server Manager and Windows PowerShell can be used to convert a Server with a GUI installation to a Minimal Server Interface configuration.
You can use the steps in the following procedure to convert a Server with a GUI installation to a Minimal Server Interface Configuration using Server Manager:
Figure 24: Windows Server 2012 – Server Manager Console
Figure 25: Server Manager Console – Remove Roles and Features Selection
Figure 26: Remove Roles and Features Wizard - Before You Begin Page
Figure 27: Remove Roles and Features Wizard – Select Destination Server Page
Figure 28: Remove Roles and Features Wizard – Remove Server Roles Page
Figure 29: Remove Roles and Features Wizard – Remove Features Page
Figure 30: Remove Roles and Features Wizard – Confirm Removal Selections Page
Figure 31: Remove Roles and Features Wizard – Removal Progress Page
Figure 32: Windows Server 2012 – Minimal Server Interface Configuration
If you prefer, you can use the steps in the following procedure to convert a Server with a GUI installation to a Minimal Server Interface Configuration using Windows PowerShell:
Figure 33: Windows Server 2012 – Uninstall-WindowsFeature Cmdlet
With a Minimal Server Interface configuration, you can continue to use the Server Manager to manage the server or use Windows PowerShell.
It is also possible to achieve a Minimal Server Interface configuration by adding the Graphical Management Tools and Infrastructure feature to a Server Core installation.
You can use the steps in the following procedure to convert a Server Core installation to a Minimal Server Interface Configuration using Windows PowerShell:
Figure 34: Windows Server 2012 – Install-WindowsFeature Cmdlet
In this configuration, you can benefit from a Windows Server 2012 installation with a minimized attack surface, and smaller operating system footprint on disk while still being able to perform management tasks using the GUI management tools like Server Manager.
On a Server Core installation, the installation files for graphical features are not copied to the local disk in order to minimize the operating system footprint. In Windows Server 2012, it is also possible to remove the binary files for other roles and features. If you want to install a role or feature whose files were removed from the Windows Server 2012 installation, you have to specify access to an installation source (e.g., WIM image) and the index number of the image to ensure that the component files are installed from the same version of Windows. Another option is to use Windows Update as the installation file source.
For example, to uninstall the Graphical Server Shell files from a Windows Server 2012 installation, you can use the following Windows PowerShell cmdlet:
Uninstall-WindowsFeature Server-Gui-Shell –Remove
In order to install the Graphical Server Shell files using the Windows Update site as the installation source, you can use the following Windows PowerShell cmdlet:
Install-WindowsFeature Server-Gui-Shell
If you want to use a local installation source, you have to use the –Source option followed by the path to the installation folders and the index of the Windows Server 2012 image.