You might already be familiar with creating formulas in Microsoft Excel. That knowledge will be helpful in understanding DAX, but even if you have no experience with Excel formulas, the concepts described here will help you get started creating DAX formulas and solving real-world BI problems right away.

We are going to focus specifically on understanding DAX formulas used in calculations. You should already be familiar with fundamental concepts of both calculated columns and measures, both of which are described in PowerPivot Help. You should also be familiar with the PowerPivot for Excel authoring environment and tools. If you are new to PowerPivot, you should first step through the Create Your First PowerPivot Workbook tutorial included in PowerPivot help, which is usually installed on your computer when the PowerPivot for Excel add-in is installed.

Example Workbook

The best way to learn DAX is to create some basic formulas, use it with some actual data, and see the results for yourself. The examples and tasks here use the Contoso Sample DAX Formulas.xlsx workbook. You can download the workbook from http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=237472&clcid=0x409. Once you have the workbook downloaded onto your computer, open it, and then open the PowerPivot window.

Note:

If you are working in the Analysis Services tabular model project authoring environment in SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT), you can import the example workbook by using the Import from PowerPivot template in Visual Studio 2010. The basic DAX concepts and formulas described here work the same for tabular model projects as they do in PowerPivot. Only the authoring environment user interface is different. In SSDT, you can test your new formulas by using the Analyze in Excel feature.

We will frame DAX around three very important fundamental concepts: Syntax, Functions, and Context. Of course, there are other important concepts in DAX, but understanding these three concepts will provide the best foundation on which to build your DAX skills.

Before you create your own formulas, let’s take a look at DAX formula syntax. Syntax includes the various elements that make up a formula, or more simply, how the formula is written. For example, let’s look at a simple DAX formula used to create new data (values) for each row in a calculated column, named Margin, in a FactSales table: (formula text colors are for illustrative purposes only)

This formula’s syntax includes the following elements:

• The equals sign operator (=) indicates the beginning of the formula, and when this formula is calculated it will return a result or value. All formulas that calculate a value will begin with an equals sign.
• The referenced column [SalesAmount] contains the values we want to subtract from. A column reference in a formula is always surrounded by brackets []. Unlike Excel formulas which reference a cell, a DAX formula always references a column.
• The subtraction (-) mathematical operator.
• The referenced column [TotalCost] contains the values we want to subtract from values in the [SalesAmount] column.

When trying to understand how to read a DAX formula, it is often helpful to break down each of the elements into a language you think and speak every day. For example, you can read this formula as:

In the FactSales table, for each row in the Margin calculated column, calculate (=) a value by subtracting (-) values in the [TotalCost] column from values in the [SalesAmount] column.

Let’s take a look at another type of formula, one that is used in a measure:

 

This formula includes the following syntax elements:

• The measure name Sum of Sales Amount. Formulas for measures can include the measure name, followed by a colon, followed by the calculation formula.
• The equals sign operator (=) indicates the beginning of the calculation formula. When calculated, it will return a result.
• The function SUM adds up all of the numbers in the [SalesAmount] column. You will learn more about functions later.
• Parenthesis () surround one or more arguments. All functions require at least one argument. An argument passes a value to a function.
• The referenced table FactSales.
• The referenced column [SalesAmount] in the FactSales table. With this argument, the SUM function knows on which column to aggregate a SUM.

You can read this formula as:

For the measure named Sum of Sales Amount, calculate (=) the SUM of values in the [SalesAmount] column in the FactSales table.

When placed into the Values drop zone in a PivotTable Field List, this measure calculates and returns values defined by each cell in the PivotTable, for example, Cell Phones in the USA.

Notice there are a few things different about this formula compared to the formula we used for the Margin calculated column. In particular, we introduced a function, SUM. Functions are pre-written formulas that make it easier to do complex calculations and manipulations with numbers, dates, time, text, and more. You will learn more about functions later.

Unlike the Margin calculated column earlier, you see the column [SalesAmount] was preceded by the table FactSales in which the column belongs. This is known as a fully qualified column name in that it includes the column name preceded by the table name. Columns referenced in the same table do not require the table name be included in the formula. This can make long formulas that reference many columns shorter and easier to read. However, it is good practice to always include the table name in your measure formulas, even when in the same table.

Note:
If the name of a table contains spaces, reserved keywords, or disallowed characters, you must enclose the table name in single quotation marks. You must also enclose table names in quotation marks if the name contains any characters outside the ANSI alphanumeric character range, regardless of whether your locale supports the character set or not.

It is very important your formulas have the correct syntax. In most cases, if the syntax is not correct, a syntax error will be returned. In other cases, the syntax may be correct, but the values returned might not be what you are expecting. PowerPivot (and SQL Server Data Tools) includes IntelliSense; a feature used to create syntactically correct formulas by helping you select the correct elements.

Let’s create a simple formula. This task will help you further understand formula syntax and how the IntelliSense feature in the formula bar can help you.

That’s it! You just created a simple yet very powerful DAX formula. For each row in the FactSales table, the NetSales formula calculates a value by subtracting the value in the [ReturnQuantity] column from the value in the [SalesQuantity] column. Notice how we just said “For each row”. This is a glimpse of another very important concept in DAX; row context. You will learn more about row context later.

Tip:

Something really important to understand when typing an operator into a DAX formula is the data type in the arguments you are using. For example, if you were to type the following formula, = 1 & 2, the value returned would be a text value of “12”. This is because the ampersand (&) operator is for text concatenation. DAX interprets this formula to read: Calculate a result by taking the value 1 as text and add value 2 as text. Now, if you were to type = 1 + 2, DAX reads this formula as: Calculate a result by taking the numeric value 1 and adding the numeric value 2. The result is of course “3”, a numeric value. DAX calculates resultant values depending on the operator in the formula, not based on the data type of columns used in the argument. Data types in DAX are very important, but outside the scope of this Quick Start. To learn more about data types and operators in DAX formulas, see the DAX Reference in Books Online.

Let’s try another. This time, you will create a measure by typing the formula and by using IntelliSense. Don’t worry too much if you don’t fully understand the formula. The important thing here is to learn how to create a formula using several elements together in correct syntax.

You did it! You just created a measure using DAX, and not an easy one at that. What this formula will do is calculate the total sales for the previous quarter, depending on the filters applied in a PivotTable or PivotChart.

You were just introduced to several important aspects of DAX formulas. First, this formula included two functions. Notice the PREVIOUSQUARTER function is nested as an argument passed to the CALCULATE function. DAX formulas can contain up to 64 nested functions. It is unlikely a formula would ever contain so many nested functions. In fact, such a formula would be very difficult to create and debug, and it probably wouldn’t be very fast either.

In this formula, you also used filters. Filters narrow down what will be calculated. In this case, you selected one filter as an argument, which is actually another function. You will learn more about filters later.

Finally, you used the CALCULATE function. This is one of the most powerful functions in DAX. As you author data models and create more complex formulas, you will likely use this function many times. Discussing the CALCULATE function is outside the scope of this QuickStart, but as your knowledge of DAX grows, pay special attention to this one.

Note:
Typically, in order to use Time Intelligence functions in DAX formulas, you must specify a unique date column by using the Mark as Date Table dialog box. In the Contoso DAX Formula Samples.xlsx workbook, the DateKey column in the DimDate table is selected as the unique date column.

Tip:

You may be asking: ‘What is the simplest DAX formula I can create?’ Well, the answer to that is ‘the formula you don’t have to’. And, that is exactly what you can do by using a standard aggregation function in a measure. Almost any data model needs to filter and calculate on aggregated data. For example, the SUM function in the Sum of Sales Amount measure you saw earlier is used to add up all the numbers in a particular column. DAX includes several other functions that aggregate values as well. You can automatically create formulas using standard aggregations by using the AutoSum feature. Extra Credit Task: Create a measure formula by using the AutoSum feature.      1. In the FactSales table, scroll to the ReturnQuantity column, and then click on the column header to select the whole column. 2. On the Home tab, on the ribbon, click the Measures button.    3. Click the down arrow next to AutoSum, and then click Average (notice the other standard aggregation functions you can use, too). Immediately, a new measure is created with the name Average of ReturnQuantity: followed by the formula =AVERAGE([ReturnQuantity]). Now wasn’t that easy? Of course, not all formulas you create will be so simple. But, by using the AutoSum feature, you can create quick and easy formulas by using standard aggregation calculations.

This should give you a fairly good understanding of syntax used in DAX formulas. You were also introduced to some really cool features like IntelliSense and AutoSum to help you create quick, easy, and accurate formulas. Of course there is a lot more you can learn about syntax. A good place to learn more is the DAX Reference in PowerPivot Help or SQL Books Online.

Syntax QuickQuiz

1. What does this button on the formula bar do?
     
2. What always surrounds a column name in a DAX formula?
3. How would you write a formula for the following:
   In the DimProduct table, for each row in the UnitMargin calculated column, calculate a value by subtracting values in the UnitCost column from values in the UnitPrice column?

Answers are provided at the end of this topic.

Functions are predefined formulas that perform calculations by using specific values, called arguments, in a particular order or structure. Arguments can be other functions, another formula, column references, numbers, text, logical values such as TRUE or FALSE, or constants.

DAX includes the following categories of functions: Date and Time, Information, Logical, Mathematical, Statistical, Text, and Time Intelligence Functions. If you are familiar with functions in Excel formulas, many of the functions in DAX will appear similar to you; however, DAX functions are unique in the following ways:

• A DAX function always references a complete column or a table. If you want to use only particular values from a table or column, you can add filters to the formula.
• If you need to customize calculations on a row-by-row basis, DAX provides functions that let you use the current row value or a related value as a kind of argument, to perform calculations that vary by context. You will learn more about context later.
• DAX includes many functions that return a table rather than a value. The table is not displayed, but is used to provide input to other functions. For example, you can retrieve a table and then count the distinct values in it, or calculate dynamic sums across filtered tables or columns.
• DAX includes a variety of time intelligence functions. These functions let you define or select date ranges, and perform dynamic calculations based on them. For example, you can compare sums across parallel periods.

Sometimes it is difficult to know which functions you might need to use in a formula. PowerPivot, and the tabular model designer in SQL Server Data Tools, include the Insert Function feature, a dialog box that helps you select functions by category and provides short descriptions for each function.

Let’s create a new formula which includes a function you will select by using the Insert Function feature:

You were just introduced to another very important function in DAX, the RELATED function. The RELATED function returns values from another table. You can use RELATED provided there is a relationship between the table you are currently in and the table that contains the values you want to get. Of course, the RELATED function has immense possibilities. In this case, you can now include the sales channel for each sale in the FactSales table. You can now hide the DimChannel table from the PivotTable field list, making it easier to navigate and see only the most important information you really need. Much like the CALCULATE function described earlier, the RELATED function is very important, and you will likely use it many times.

As you can see, functions in DAX can help you create very powerful formulas. We really only touched on the basics of functions. As your DAX skills improve, you will create formulas using many different functions. One of the best places to learn details about all of the DAX functions is in the DAX Function Reference on MSDN.

Functions QuickQuiz

1. What does a function always reference?
2. Can a formula contain more than one function?
3. What category of functions would you use to concatenate two text strings into one string?

Answers are provided at the end of this topic.

Context is one of the most important DAX concepts to understand. There are two types of context in DAX; row context and filter context. We will first look at row context.

Row Context

Row context is most easily thought of as the current row. For example, remember the Margin calculated column you saw earlier when learning about syntax? The formula =[SalesAmount] - [TotalCost] calculates a value in the Margin column for each row in the table. Values for each row are calculated from values in two other columns, [SalesAmount] and [TotalCost] in the same row. DAX can calculate the values for each row in the Margin column because it has the context: For each row, it takes values in the [TotalCost] column and subtracts them from values in the [SalesAmount] column.

In the selected cell shown below, the value, $49.54 in the current row was calculated by subtracting the value $51.54 in the [TotalCost] column from the value $101.08 in the [SalesAmount] column.

   

Row context doesn’t just apply to calculated columns. Row context also applies whenever a formula has a function that applies filters to identify a single row in a table. The function will inherently apply a row context for each row of the table over which it is filtering. This type of row context most often applies to measures.

 

Filter Context

Filter context is a little more difficult to understand than row context. You can most easily think of filter context as: One or more filters applied in a calculation that determines a result or value.

Filter context does not exist in place of row context; rather, it applies in addition to row context. For example, to further narrow down the values to include in a calculation, you can apply a filter context which not only specifies the row context, but also specifies only a particular value (filter) in that row context.

Filter context is easily seen in PivotTables. For example, when you add TotalCost to the Values area, and then add Year and Region to the Row or Columns, you are defining a filter context that selects a subset of data based on a given year and region.

Why is filter context so important to DAX? Because, while filter context can most easily be applied by adding column and row labels and slicers in a PivotTable, filter context can also be applied in a DAX formula by defining a filter using functions such as ALL, RELATED, FILTER, CALCULATE, by relationships, and by other measures and columns. For example, let’s look at the following formula in a measure named StoreSales:

   

Clearly this formula is more complex than some of the other formulas you’ve seen. However, to better understand this formula, we can break it down, much like we’ve done with other formulas.

This formula includes the following syntax elements:

• The measure name StoreSales, followed by a colon :.
• The equals sign operator (=) indicates the beginning of the formula.
• The CALCULATE function evaluates an expression, as an argument, in a context that is modified by the specified filters.
• Parenthesis () surround one or more arguments.
• A measure [Sales] in the same table as an expression. The Sales measure has the formula: =SUM(FactSales[SalesAmount]).
• A comma (,) separates each filter.
• The referenced column and a particular value, DimChannel[ChannelName] =”Store”, as a filter.

This formula will ensure only sales values, defined by the Sales measure, as a filter, are calculated only for rows in the DimChannel[ChannelName] column with the value “Store”, as a filter.

As you can imagine, being able to define filter context within a formula has immense and powerful capability. Being able to reference only a particular value in a related table is just one such example. Don’t worry if you do not completely understand context right away. As you create your own formulas, you will better understand context and why it is so important in DAX.

Context QuickQuiz

1. What are the two types of context?
2. What is filter context?
3. What is row context?

Answers are provided at the end of this topic.

Now that you have a basic understanding of the most important concepts in DAX, you can begin creating DAX formulas for calculated columns and measures on your own. DAX can indeed be a little tricky to learn, but there are many resources available to you. After reading through this topic a few times, and experimenting with a few of your own formulas, you can learn more about other DAX concepts and formulas that can help you solve your own business problems. There are many DAX resources available to you in PowerPivot Help, SQL Server Books Online, whitepapers, and blogs from both Microsoft and leading BI professionals. The DAX Resource Center Wiki at http://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/dax-resource-center.aspx is a great place to start. The Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) Reference on MSDN is also a great resource. Be sure to save it in your Favorites.

The DAX in the BI Tabular Model whitepaper, available for download at http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=237472&clcid=0x409provides a more detailed look at the concepts introduced here as well as many other advanced concepts and formulas. This whitepaper also uses the same Contoso DAX Sample Formulas.xlsx workbook you already have.

QuickQuiz Answers

Syntax:

1. Opens the Insert Function feature.
2. Brackets [].
3. =[UnitPrice] - [UnitCost]

Functions:

1. A table and a column.
2. Yes. A formula can contain up to 64 nested functions.
3. Text.

Context:

1. Row context and filter context.
2. One or more filters in a calculation that determines a single value.
3. The current row.